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Portugal and Spain, having launched the so-called Age of Discovery at the end of the fifteenth century, laid claim to most of what is today Central and South America. Yet the motivation for such endeavor also involved extending Christianity to “heathen lands,” and locating rich sources of gold and other precious metals-twin ideas of ancient provenance. Its animating source was the clash and competition of European empires-a distinctly modern element.
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The colonization by Europeans of the two great American continents expressed both sides of the bridge.
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Yet for the great mass of European-and American-humanity, the flavor of life at ground level remained highly traditional, including an almost exclusive reliance on subsistence agriculture immersion in small-scale, face-to-face patterns of social life and a code of behavior shaped by age-old religious beliefs and folk nostrums. It holds the root of modern science (epitomized by Sir Isaac Newton), of modern political thought (Thomas Hobbes, John Locke), of modern capitalism (the first large joint-stock corporations, including some which financed transatlantic “discovery”), of modern state formation (“nations,” roughly as we understand the term today), of urbanization (most especially, London and Paris, but also colonial cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston), and even of what scholars now refer to as “proto-industrialization” (the earliest factory-style modes of production). On its far side lies the long stretch we call the Middle Ages (or the “medieval period”), on its near one the rise of much we connect with modernity. As such, it is part of a bridge between markedly different eras in the history of the western world.
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American colonial history belongs to what scholars call the early modern period.